Water quality in the Lachuá Ecoregion Landscape: Comparing streams from Forest, Milpa, and an Oil Palm plantation / Calidad del agua en el paisaje de la Ecorregión Lachuá: Comparando arroyos en bosques, milpa y palma africana

The hydrological network in the Lachuá Ecoregion (EL), Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, hosts high levels of biodiversity and supplies water to 44 Mayan communities. Despite this critical fact, this network has been threatened by scarcely monitored industrial activities including the rapidly expanding oil palm monoculture (Elaeis guineensisJacq). Regardless of Lachua's freshwaters importance, there is little information on how this monoculture impacts them. We compared water-quality properties from streams in oil palm plantations (P), paddock and milpa systems (M), and primary forests (F) in the EL. During 2015-2016, 13 rivers were sampled (5 times) for water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, hardness, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), and concentration of silica, nitrates, phosphates, and ammonia. Several parameters showed significant differences. P were 2.7 ºC and 1.8 ºC warmer than M and F and carried 1.4 mg/L more nitrates than F. F carried 10.8 mg/L and 11.8 mg/L more silica than M and P. M showed intermediate temperatures and silica concentrations, as well as 14.8 µS/cm and 8.9 µS/cm lower conductivities than P and F, respectively. Additionally, COD in M was 9.9 mg/L and 4.6 mg/L lower than P and F, respectively. We believe higher temperatures and lower silica in P are due to the loss of riparian forest and their role in buffering temperatures and recycling silicon. In addition, the existence of secondary forest (guamil) in M might explain the intermediate temperatures and silica concentrations. Our results highlight the contributions of forests to waterways and suggest potential water-quality depletion from the oil palm expansion in the EL.

La red hídrica en la Ecorregión Lachuá (EL), Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, alberga una alta biodiversidad y abastece de agua a 44 comunidades mayas. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha visto amenazada por actividades industriales escasamente monitoreadas, incluido el creciente monocultivo de palma africana (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) del cual se desconocen sus impactos en la EL. Este estudio explora la calidad del agua de arroyos en plantaciones de palma africana (P), bosques primarios (B), y sistemas de potrero y milpa (M) en Lachuá. Durante 2015-2016, se tomaron muestras de 13 ríos (5 veces) para medir la temperatura del agua, pH, oxígeno disuelto (OD), conductividad, dureza, demanda química y bioquímica de oxígeno (DQO y DBO) y la concentración de sílice, nitratos, fosfatos, y amoníaco. Varios parámetros mostraron diferencias significativas. P fue 2.7 ºC y 1.8 ºC más calientes que M y F y portó 1.4 mg/L más nitrato que F. F portó 10.8 mg/L y 11.8 mg/L más sílice que M y P. M mostró temperaturas y concentraciones de sílice intermedias y conductividades 14.8 µS/cm y 8.9 µS/cm menores que P y F. La DQO en M fue 9.9 mg/L y 4.6 mg/L menor que P y F. El aumento de temperatura y la disminución de sílice en P podría deberse a la pérdida de bosques ribereños los cuales amortiguan la tempe-ratura y reciclan el silicio. La presencia de bosque secundarios (guamil) en M podría explicar las temperaturas y las concentraciones de sílice intermedias resaltando la importancia de los bosques en la red hídrica. Se predice un posible deterioro en el agua resultado de la expansión de palma africana en la EL.

Governo de SP distribui concentradores oxigênio para municipios

Saiba mais em www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/coronavirus

SP distribui 624 concentradores de oxigênio

Saiba mais em www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/coronavirus/planosp

Governo de SP adquire 2 mil cilindros de oxigênio

Saiba mais em www.saopaulo.sp.gov.br/coronavirus/planosp

WHO’s Science in 5 on COVID-19 : medical oxygen

Medical oxygen is an essential medicine in the treatment of COVID-19. How is it used? Why is there a shortage in some countries and what are WHO, partners and Governments doing about it? WHO’s Dr Janet Diaz explains in Science in 5.

Fish die-off in river and reservoir: A review on anoxia and gas supersaturation

Albeit massive fish mortality has an extraordinary visual impact and is certainly a fatality, we still have rudimentary understanding on how addressing this problem in the Neotropical region. The processes that lead to fish die-off events are complex and sometimes ephemeral, which can lead to incorrect diagnosis. In this review, we discuss these events in Neotropical freshwaters, both in areas impacted by dams and natural environment, with a focus on deaths mediated by the lack of oxygen (anoxia) or the excess of dissolved gases (gas supersaturation). We examine the available knowledge about the related mechanisms, lethal thresholds for dissolved oxygen (DO) and total dissolved gases (TDG) for fish, and the sequelae of gas bubble disease (GBD). An assessment of the main mortality events in Brazil in the last 10 years is also presented, as well as the best practices for monitoring, prevention, and mitigation. Finally, it is concluded that the proliferation of hydroelectric plants in the Neotropical region might contribute to the expansion of these events and, consequently, increasing of impacts on fish conservation. We consider urgent the inclusion of this topic in the licensing processes for new hydropower projects by the environmental agencies.(AU)

Embora mortandades massivas de peixes tenham impacto visual extraordinário e sejam certamente uma fatalidade, estamos ainda engatinhando no entendimento e na solução desse problema. Os processos que levam aos eventos de mortes de peixes são complexos e algumas vezes efêmeros, o que explica diagnoses incorretas. Nessa revisão nós discutimos esses eventos em bacias hidrográficas neotropicais, tanto em barragens como em ambientes naturais, porém com o foco nas mortes por falta de oxigênio (anoxia) ou excesso de gases dissolvidos (supersaturação gasosa). Em particular são examinados o conhecimento disponível acerca dos processos que levam a essas condições, os limiares letais de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) e gases totais dissolvidos (GTD) para os peixes e as sequelas da doença das bolhas de gás (DBG). Uma avaliação dos principais eventos de mortandade que ocorreram no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos é também apresentada, bem como discutidas as melhores práticas para o monitoramento, prevenção e mitigação. Conclui-se, finalmente, que a proliferação de hidrelétricas deve contribuir com a expansão desses eventos e consequentemente com mais um fator de ameaça à biodiversidade. Consideramos urgente a inclusão desse tema nos processos de licenciamento de novos empreendimentos pelo órgão ambiental.(AU)

Influence of Oxygen Supply on Growth and Laccases Production by Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 in Submerged Process

Abstract (1) Background: Oxygen supply is an important parameter to be considered in submerged cultures. This study evaluated the influence of different conditions for dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration on laccases activities and growth of Pleurotus sajor-caju PS-2001 in submerged process in stirred-tank bioreactor. (2) Methods: Initially, three different conditions were tested: uncontrolled DO and minimum levels of 30% and 80% of saturation, with the pH controlled between 4.5 and 7.0. (3) Results: Best results were observed at 30% DO (26 U mL-1 of laccases at 96 h), whereas higher mycelial biomass was observed at 30% and 80% DO (above 4.5 g L-1). Four different conditions of DO (uncontrolled, 10%, 30% and 50% of saturation) were tested at pH 6.5, with higher laccases activity (80 U mL-1 at 66 h) and lower mycelial growth (1.36 g L-1 at 90 h) being achieved with DO of 30%. In this test, the highest values for volumetric productivity and specific yield factor were determined. Under the different pH conditions tested, the production of laccases is favoured at DO concentration of 30% of saturation, while superior DO levels favours fungal growth. (4) Conclusion: The results indicate that dissolved oxygen concentration is a critical factor for the culture of P. sajor-caju PS-2001 and has important effects not only on laccases production but also on fungal growth.

Produção de L-asparaginase pela levedura Leucosporidium muscorum CRM 1648 isolada de sedimento marinho coletado na Península Antártica / L-asparaginase production by the yeast Leucosporidium muscorum CRM 1648 isolated from marine sediments collected in Antarctic Peninsula

L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) é uma enzima com propriedades interessantes para a indústria médica, farmacêutica e de alimentos, que tem recebido atenção especial, inclusive no Brasil, por fazer parte do protocolo de tratamento de distúrbios linfoproliferativos, como a leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA). No mercado desde a década de 1970, as enzimas de origem bacteriana enfrentam algumas limitações por provocarem reações adversas graves em quase 80% dos pacientes em tratamento. Nesse contexto, L-ASNases provenientes de leveduras se destacam como alternativa, por serem mais próximas às congêneres humanas. A Antártica ainda é um ambiente pouco explorado, com grande diversidade de microrganismos com potencial para a produção de moléculas biológicas de interesse industrial. Nesse contexto, 150 leveduras isoladas de amostras de sedimento marinho coletadas na Península Antártica como parte do projeto MICROSFERA (PROANTAR/CNPq) foram avaliadas para a produção de L-ASNase. A triagem resultou em 9 isolados produtores, dos quais 7 pertencem ao gênero Leucosporidium. A linhagem L. muscorum CRM 1648 foi a que produziu mais enzima (540 U.L-1), com maior produtividade (5,6 U.L-1.h-1) e, por isso, foi alvo deste estudo. A análise univariada de fontes de carbono e nitrogênio indicou maior crescimento desse microrganismo e produção de L-ASNase em meio CD com extrato de levedura, prolina e sacarose. Ureia, cloreto de amônio e sulfato de amônio resultaram em baixa ou nenhuma produção da enzima, sugerindo que a metabolização de fontes de nitrogênio por essa linhagem está sob a influência do fenômeno de repressão catabólica pelo nitrogênio (RCN). Dois delineamentos experimentais do tipo fatorial completo resultaram em um aumento de 10 vezes na produção e produtividade da enzima (4582,5 U.L-1 e 63,6 U.L-1.h-1, respectivamente). A análise univariada da concentração inicial de inóculo (X0), pH inicial do meio, temperatura e adição de água do mar mostrou que a melhor condição para a produção foi: pH = 5,5 ou 6,5, cultivo a 15°C com adição de água do mar (25-50% m/v). A variável X0 não foi significativa nas concentrações avaliadas. Cultivos em biorreator (batelada) foram conduzidos em quatro diferentes níveis de oxigênio dissolvido (OD): (1) OD não controlado e abaixo de 20%, (2) OD não controlado e acima de 20%, (3) OD controlado em 80% e (4) OD controlado em 20%. Os resultados mostraram que OD é fator limitante para o crescimento de L. muscorum CRM 1648 e produção de L-ASNase por essa levedura e deve ser mantido acima de 35% para maior produção da enzima.Neste trabalho, a composição do meio e condições de cultivo foram estabelecidas para favorecer a produção de uma nova L-ASNase livre de atividade glutaminásica por levedura adaptada ao frio, abrindo espaço para novos estudos acerca de seu potencial antileucêmico e possível uso como alternativa às enzimas já existentes no mercado no tratamento de LLA

L-asparaginase (L-ASNase) is an enzyme with interesting properties for medical, pharmaceutical and food industry, which has received special consideration, especially in Brazil, for being part of lymphoproliferative disorders treatment, such as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Bacterial enzymes are on the market since the 1970s and face some limitations related to theirserious adverse reactions that reach almost 80% of all patients in treatment. In this context, L-ASNases from yeasts are highlighted as important alternative to bacterial enzymes, due to the closerphylogeny to human congeners. Antarctic environment has much to be explored, with a vast diversity of microorganisms with potential to produce biomolecules with industrial interest. A total of 150 yeasts isolated from Antarctic marine sediments as part of MICROSFERA project (PROANTAR/CNPq) were evaluated for L-ASNase production. The screening resulted in 9 producers, 7 species from the genus Leucosporidium. L. muscorum CRM 1648 was the strain that yielded the highest L-ASNase activity (540 U.L-1) and volumetric productivity (5.6 U.L-1.h-1). Carbon and Nitrogen sources were evaluated by a method of one-factor at a time (OFAT). From the gather results, sucrose, yeast extract and proline resulted in a maximal growth and highest enzyme production.The absence or low production of L-ASNase in medium with urea, ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate suggests the presence of nitrogen catabolic repression (NCR). Carbon and nitrogen concentration were evaluated by full factorial design and yielded about ten times higher enzyme and volumetric productivity (4582.5 U.L-1 and 63.6 U.L-1.h-1, respectively). Initial inoculum concentration (X0), initial pH, temperature and concentration of seawater in the culture were evaluated by OFAT analysis and the best condition for L-ASNase production was: pH = 5.5 or 6.5, at 15 °C with addition of seawater (25-50 wt%). X0 was not considered a significant variable. Bioreactor assays (in batch regime) were performed in four different dissolved oxygen (DO) levels: (1) without DO control (DO remained under 20%), (2) without DO control (DO remained above 20%), (3) DO controlled at 80%, and (4) DO controlled at 20%.The results showed that DO is a key factor for growth of L. muscorum CRM 1648 and production of L-ASNase by this yeast and should be maintained above 35% for higher production of this enzyme.At this work, the medium and culture conditions were established to support the production of a novel glutaminase-free L-ASNase by a cold adapted yeast, opening a new path for further studies regarding its antileukemic potential and possible use as an alternative for ALL treatment

El oxígeno disuelto en plasma sí importa... Empleo de la monitorización tisular de oxígeno para valorar la viabilidad de un colgajo microvascular en paciente sometido a oxigenoterapia hiberbárica / Oxygen dissolved in plasma does matter. Tissue oxygen monitoring to assess the feasability of a microvascular flap in a patient undergoing hyperbaric oxygen therapy

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La aportación húngara a los métodos iodométricos, Karoly Than y Lajos Winkler, la determinación de oxígeno disuelto y el índice de iodo / The Hungarian contribution to iodometric methods, Karoly Than and Winkler Lajos, the determination of dissolved oxygen and the iodo index

Tras el trasfondo de los métodos iodométricos se procede a analizar la vida y la obra de dos grandes científicos húngaros, Than y Winkler, maestro y discípulo, responsables de la introducción de la química científica y de la educación farmacéutica en su país, que se movía en la órbita del imperio austro-húngaro, generando una escuela de excelencia en el ámbito académico. Than contribuye entre otros muchos descubrimientos a la utilización del bi-iodato potásico para la estandarización de tiosulfato de sodio. Winkler pone a punto un método iodométrico de determinación del oxígeno disuelto en aguas, un clásico de la química analítica, todavía en uso hoy día. El uso del dicromato de potasio por Zulkovsky abre la posibilidad a las aplicaciones analíticas de las oxidaciones con dicromato en iodometría. Las determinaciones de ioduro y bromuro y la del índice de yodo, entre otras, hace que la química analítica de los halógenos pueda considerarse una rama distintiva de la ciencia húngara. Schulek, discípulo de Winkler, abre las puertas al desarrollo del análisis y de la industria farmacéutica en Hungría (AU)

Under the background of the iodometric methods we analyze the life and work of two great Hungarian scientists, Than and Winkler, teacher and disciple. They were responsible for the introduction of scientific chemistry and pharmaceutical education in his country, which moved in the orbit of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Both generated a school of excellence in the academic field. Than contributes among many other discoveries to the use of potassium biiodate for the standardization of sodium thiosulfate and Winkler develops an iodometric method for the determination of dissolved oxygen in waters, a classic of chemical analysis, the use of which continues today. The use of potassium dichromate by Zulkovsky opened the possibility to the analytical applications of the oxidations with dichromate in iodometry. The iodide, bromide and iodine index determinations, make the analytical chemistry of halogens a distinctive branch of Hungarian science. Schulek, a disciple of Winkler, opens the door to the development of pharmaceutical analysis and the pharmaceutical industry in Hungary (AU)

Bronchiolitis in children: diagnosis and management

This guideline covers diagnosing and managing bronchiolitis in children. It aims to help healthcare professionals diagnose bronchiolitis and identify if children should be cared for at home or in hospital. It describes treatments and interventions that can be used to help with the symptoms of bronchiolitis.

Effects of the interannual variations in the flood pulse mediated by hypoxia tolerance: the case of the fish assemblages in the upper Parana River floodplain

The effects of the duration of the floods on abiotic variables and attributes of species tolerant and intolerant to hypoxia (STH and SIH respectively) were evaluated in rivers and lakes of the upper Paraná River. Fish were sampled once a year, in six sampling stations, during the high water period from 2000 to 2003. There were overall reductions in dissolved oxygen levels and increases in transparency of water in lakes in years of moderate floods. The duration of floods influenced species differentially based on their tolerance to hypoxia: in moderate floods, richness of STH increased and numerical abundance and biomass of SIH reduced significantly. Opposite relationships were detected between dissolved oxygen and the attributes of STH and SIH. Dissolved oxygen was the best predictor of variability of STH and SIH in years of moderate floods, whereas water transparency predicted significant amounts of STH in years of short floods. Being positively affected by dissolved oxygen reductions, STH seem to take advantages in persisting in seasonally harsh lentic habitats. The incorporation of abiotic data as well the differential tolerance of species to hypoxia would improve further investigations of the effects of interannual variations in the flood pulse on tropical fish assemblages.

Os efeitos da duração da cheia sobre algumas variáveis abióticas e atributos das assembleias de peixes (espécies tolerantes e intolerantes à hipóxia, STH e SIH, respectivamente) foram avaliados em rios e lagoas do alto rio Paraná. Os peixes foram amostrados uma vez ao ano, em seis localidades, durante o período de águas altas entre 2000 e 2003. Houve reduções generalizadas nos níveis de oxigênio dissolvido e aumentos na transparência da água em lagos em anos de cheias moderadas. A duração das cheias influenciou as espécies diferencialmente em função de sua tolerância à hipóxia: em anos de cheias moderadas, a riqueza das STH aumentou e a abundância numérica e de biomassa das SIH reduziram significativamente. Relações opostas foram detectadas entre o oxigênio dissolvido e os atributos das STH e SIH. O oxigênio dissolvido foi o melhor preditor da variabilidade de STH e SIH em anos de cheias moderadas, enquanto a transparência da água explicou uma significativa proporção das STH em anos de cheias curtas. Por serem positivamente afetadas pelas reduções no oxigênio dissolvido, as STH parecem ter vantagens em persistir em ambientes lênticos sazonalmente inóspitos. A incorporação de dados abióticos bem como da tolerância diferencial das espécies à hipóxia deve aprimorar as investigações dos efeitos das variações interanuais no pulso de inundação nas assembleias de peixes tropicais.

La calidad del agua del Río Sucio en la zona del Valle de San Andrés / The water quality of Río Sucio in the Valle de San Andrés area

En la actualidad el Río Sucio es uno de los ríos más contaminados en El Salvador, catalogándose la calidad de su agua como de pésima calidad, esta calificación se determina mediante la medición de parámetros como Oxigeno Disuelto, Recuento Microbiológico, Demanda Bioquímica de Oxígeno, Demanda Química de Oxígeno, Sólidos Totales Disueltos y Sólidos Suspendidos, Turbidez, Nitrógeno y Fósforo, encontrándose la mayoría de ellos arriba de los limites establecidos en las normas oficiales, tal y como se logró determinar en el monitoreo realizado por la Escuela de Ingeniería Química de ITCA-FEPADE durante once meses, en la zona media del Río Sucio, donde operan al menos 15 empresas agroindustriales. Se logró identificar que gran parte de la carga contaminante del río proviene de los desechos domésticos, industriales, agroindustriales y agrícolas que se han vertido en él durante las ultimas décadas.

Currently, Río Sucio is one of the most contaminated rivers in El Salvador, cataloging his water quality as bad quality. This tag is determinated by the measuring parameters like Dissolved Oxigen, Microbiological Count, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Dissolved Solids and Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Nitrogen and Phosphorus, most of them being above the limits established in the official norms, as it will seek to determine in the monitoring carried out by the Escuela de Ingeniería Química ITCA-FEPADE for once months, in the middle area of ​​the Sucio River, where at least 15 agro-industrial companies operate. It was possible to identify that a large part of the river's pollutant load comes from domestic, industrial, agro-industrial and agricultural wastes that have been dumped into it during the last decades.

Efecto del oxígeno y la glucosa en la metanogénesis y mineralización de resinas poliméricas / The effect of oxygen and glucose on polymeric resin methanogenesis and mineralisation

The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration and glucose on polymeric resin compounds’ methanogenesisand mineralisation was examined in batch cultures. They were inoculated with sludge from an upflow anaerobicsludge blanket reactor fed with polymeric resin compounds and 1.0 mg L-1 steady-state dissolved oxygen.All tests were carried out with 1,500 mg L-1 chemical oxygen demand (COD), at 30±2ºC, with 23.8 g L-1 volatile suspended solids (VSS) as inoculum and 1:1 COD/VSS ratio. The effect of different dissolved oxygen concentrations showed that COD efficiently removed glucose whilst methanogenic activity remained constant at low concentrations (0.6 and 1.0 mg L-1), but polymeric resin compounds’ COD removal efficiency increased 58.1±1% whilst methane yield decreased, due to the higher aerobic mineralisation of carbon to carbon dioxide. The result of different glucose/polymeric resin compound ratios in the presence of 0.6 mg L-1 dissolved oxygen showed that glucose did not improve polymeric resin compound removal. However, methanogenic activity decreased by 75% with polymeric resin compounds as substrate compared to methanogenic activity with glucose as sole carbon source, suggesting that the presence of glucose promotes conditions for highertolerance to oxygen. The presence of low dissolved oxygen concentrations therefore promotes polymeric resin compounds’ methanogenesis and mineralisation.

En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la concentración de oxígeno disuelto (OD) y la presencia de laglucosa en la metanogénesis y mineralización de los compuestos de resinas poliméricas, mediante cultivos en lote. El inóculo utilizado para los cultivos fueron lodos procedentes de un reactor de lecho de lodos con flujoascendente UASB (por sus siglas en inglés), alimentado con glucosa y aguas residuales de resinas poliméricas,y 1,0 mg L-1 d-1 de oxígeno disuelto en estado estacionario. Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas con 1500 mgL-1 de demanda química de oxígeno, a 30±2° C, con 23,8 g L-1 de sólidos suspendidos volátiles como inóculoy una relación demanda química de oxígeno / sólidos suspendidos volátiles de 1. El efecto de diferentesconcentraciones de oxígeno disuelto mostró que, para la glucosa, con bajas concentraciones (0,6 y 1,0 mgL-1) la eficiencia de remoción de la demanda química de oxígeno y la actividad metanogénicas permanecieronconstantes, pero la eficiencia de remoción de la demanda química de oxígeno para los compuestos de resinaspoliméricas aumentó 58,1±1% y el rendimiento de metano disminuyó, debido a que una mayor fracción delcarbono alimentado fue mineralizada a dióxido de carbono, posiblemente por una ruta aerobia. Los resultadoscon diferentes proporciones de glucosa / compuestos de resinas poliméricas (CRP) en presencia de 0,6 mg L-1 de oxígeno disuelto mostraron que la presencia de glucosa no mejoró la eliminación de los compuestosde resinas poliméricas. Sin embargo, la actividad metanogénica disminuyó en un 75% cuando solamente se usó a los compuestos de resinas poliméricas como sustrato, al compararla con la actividad metanogénica con glucosa como única fuente de carbono, sugiriendo que la glucosa no favorece la eliminación de los compuestosde resinas poliméricas, pero proporciona una mejor tolerancia al oxígeno..

Batimetría, salinidad, temperatura y oxígeno disuelto en aguas del Parque Nacional Marino Ballena, Pacífico, Costa Rica / Bathymetry, salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen in waters of Marino Ballena National Park, Pacific, Costa Rica

Batimetry, salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxigen water of the Marino Ballena National Park, Pacific, Costa Rica. Between September 2003 and April 2005, the bathymetry and the behavior of the temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen and oxygen percent saturation were studied at Marino Ballena National Park (MBNP). The park has an average depth of 14.9±9.1m, and maximal depth of 37.3 m. The internal section of the bay is shallow, not reaching more than 20m, while the external section posses a more pronounced slope, reaching easily 37 m. Mean values of superficial salinity were: 29.1±4.3‰, temperature 29.7±1.3ºC, dissolved oxygen 6.7±1.3 mg/l, and oxygen percent saturation 115.6±22.1%. Significant differences were only detected between the internal and external stations for salinity and temperature according to depth, during the rainy season. The lower values of salinity and temperature were observed on the rainy season, and the highest on the dry season, with a continuous of dissolved oxygen and saturation. The similarity between the stations and the fact that significant differences were only for salinity and temperature according to depth, suggests that the waters of the park behave in similar manner over time and that the area is very dynamic and homogenous, with currents strong enough to mix the water column on the park. The park is located in a very productive area, resulting in a high value of oxygen percent saturation (120%). This suggests that there are good conditions for the development of phytoplankton, zooplankton and other groups. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (Suppl. 1): 19-29. Epub 2009 November 30.

Se realizó un estudio sobre la batimetría del PNMB y del comportamiento de la temperatura, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto y porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno entre setiembre 2003 y abril 2005. El parque posee una profundidad promedio de 14.97± 9.11m y una profundidad máxima detectada de 37.33m. La sección interna de la bahía es poco profunda, no alcanzando más de 20m de profundidad, mientras que en la parte externa la pendiente es más pronunciada, alcanzando rápidamente los 37 m. A lo largo del estudio, los valores promedio superficiales de salinidad fueron de 29.1±4.3‰, de temperatura 29.7±1.3ºC, de concentración de oxígeno disuelto 6.7±1.3mg/l, y del porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno 115.6±22.1%. Entre las estaciones interna y externa solo se observaron diferencias significativas en cuanto a la salinidad y la temperatura por profundidad, como producto de la época lluviosa. Los valores más bajos de salinidad y temperatura se observaron para la época lluviosa y los más altos en la época seca, mientras que los valores de oxígeno disuelto y porcentaje de saturación de oxígeno presentaron un incremento continuo a través del tiempo. La similitud entre las estaciones y el hecho de haber encontrado diferencias significativas solamente entre la salinidad y la temperatura en cuanto a la profundidad, hacen pensar que a lo largo del tiempo las aguas del parque se comportan de manera muy similar y que es una zona muy dinámica y homogénea con corrientes lo suficientemente fuertes para mezclar la columna de agua del parque. El PNMB es una zona muy productiva debido a los altos valores de saturación de oxígeno observados a lo largo del tiempo (120%). Esto hace pensar que existen condiciones apropiadas para el desarrollo del fitoplancton, zooplancton y otros grupos tróficos.

Influencia de las técnicas de ahorro energético sobre la saturación de oxígeno en paciente con EPOC portador de oxígeno líquido / Influence of energy saving techniques on oxygen saturation in liquid oxygen carrier COPD patient

Presentamos el caso de un varón de 76 años diagnosticado de enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica grave en fase de insuficiencia respiratoria crónica con criterios de oxigenoterapia domiciliaria, portador de un sistema portátil de oxigenoterapia. Durante el ejercicio presentaba desaturación grave que le limitaba todas las actividades de la vida diaria. El paciente se incluyó en un programa de rehabilitación respiratoria consistente en educación sanitaria, fisioterapia respiratoria, ejercicio físico y terapia ocupacional con técnicas de ahorro energético. Para la valoración de su discapacidad se le practicó la prueba de 6 minutos de marcha que mostró desaturación al esfuerzo, corrigiéndose parcialmente al realizarla respirando oxígeno suplementario. Se reevaluó al paciente con la misma prueba en dos ocasiones: una con oxígeno suplementario aplicando técnicas de ahorro energético y otra mediante marcha libre guiada por la sensación disneica. El análisis de los datos obtenidos reveló que la desaturación se corrigió sólo cuando se utilizaron técnicas de ahorro energético para la deambulación

We present the case of a 76-year-old male diagnosed of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in chronic respiratory insufficiency phases with home oxygen-therapy criteria, carrier of a portable oxygen therapy system. During exercise he presented desaturation that seriously limited all of his daily life activities. The patient was included in a respiratory rehabilitation program consisting of health care education, respiratory physical therapy, physical exercises and occupational therapy with energy saving techniques. In order to evaluate his disability, he underwent a 6 minute walking test that showed desaturation to the effort that was partially corrected when he was administered supplementary oxygen while performing it. The patient was revalued with the same test twice: one with supplementary oxygen applying energy saving techniques and other one of free walking guided by the dyspnea sensation. The analysis of the data obtained in this patient revealed that the desaturation was corrected only when energy saving techniques were used for the walking

Qualidade da água no consórcio de peixes com arroz irrigado / Water quality in combination of the fish culture and irrigate rice

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da água utilizada no consórcio de peixes com arroz irrigado. O experimento foi conduzido em área de várzea, com sistema pré-germinado de cultivo de arroz associado ao cultivo de carpas e jundiá, onde semanalmente foram monitorados os níveis de oxigênio dissolvido, temperatura, pH, dureza, alcalinidade total, amônia, nitrito e transparência da água. As características físico-químicas da água (temperatura, pH, dureza, alcalinidade,amônia e nitrito) não afetam o crescimento e o desenvolvimento dos peixes no consórcio com arroz irrigado para as espécies cultivadas (60 por cento de carpa húngara, 20 por cento de carpa capim, 10 por cento de jundiá, 5 por cento de carpa prateada e 5 por cento de carpa cabeça grande). Embora as densidades de peixes utilizadas e as épocas de colocação dos alevinos afetem certos parâmetros de qualidade da água (oxigênio dissolvido e transparência da água) em alguns períodos, em geral eles se mantêm em níveis adequados de acordo com os padrões para as espécies.